Which condition is characterized by the presence of excess bilirubin in the blood of neonates?

The condition characterized by the presence of excess bilirubin in the blood of neonates is accurately described as hyperbilirubinemia. This term specifically refers to an elevated level of bilirubin in the bloodstream, often occurring in newborns due to various physiological or pathological processes, such as immature liver function or hemolysis.

In neonates, bilirubin is a yellow compound that results from the breakdown of red blood cells. When the liver is not yet fully developed, it may struggle to process bilirubin efficiently, leading to its accumulation in the blood. This can eventually result in jaundice, which is the physical manifestation of high bilirubin levels, evidenced by yellowing of the skin and eyes.

While jaundice is commonly associated with hyperbilirubinemia, it is important to note that jaundice itself refers to the observable symptoms rather than the underlying biochemical status of bilirubin levels. Thus, hyperbilirubinemia is the correct term for the condition defined in the question, making it the most precise answer.

Other options, such as hematoma and anemia, do not pertain to elevated bilirubin levels; hematomas involve localized blood accumulation due to bleeding, while anemia relates to reduced red blood cells or hemoglobin in circulation.